I agree that there are various patterns of thought that can be labelled intuition. I would like to add on that you have to practice to develop any of these different types intuition. This is I think what Feynman is saying and he is emphasizing the type of intuition (run the experiment in your head) that is very useful for physicists.
In every field there is probably a different type of intuition that is useful. In abstract math maybe 'getting used to it' very fast is very useful. In geometric math maybe being able to visualize objects in space is useful. In programming maybe seeing the run of the code in your head is useful.
You don't see the code run in your head, though. You get a feel for how this design pattern works at a glance (intuition), or you carefully step through the code like a debugger.
This was reaffirming. I spend several hours last night unable to sleep trying to solve a problem. As you describe: I had a design and kept throwing scenarios at it and debugged it.
In every field there is probably a different type of intuition that is useful. In abstract math maybe 'getting used to it' very fast is very useful. In geometric math maybe being able to visualize objects in space is useful. In programming maybe seeing the run of the code in your head is useful.