Yes, stored value cards are a very mature technology.
For various reasons, they're mostly used in closed-loop systems these days (think laundromats, transit systems etc.), but historically there were open-loop deployments in many European countries, and in some countries, stored-value POS payments are still very popular, e.g. in Japan.
It's a real shame that the entire world moved to online-only. Sure, it's much easier and there's less opportunity for various kinds of fraud as a result, but in terms of availability during outages or cyber attacks, it was a big unforced step backwards.
> historically there were open-loop deployments in many European countries
Indeed, there used to be things like "Moneo". The problem is that banks never trusted really these systems, so you were limited to, say, 50E of stored value. Also for some reason in Europe the readers of such cards have never been great, I guess because most devices were built on the cheap, so even if the transaction is offline and supposedly fast, you would have to wiggle your cards all around most readers for 2s until it's picked up.
In Hong Kong there is the Octopus card, which started as a closed loop subway card, but ended up being so loved that now you can pay litterally anything with it. It can store up to $500, and you can set it up to automatically top-up to $500 more per day linked to your bank account. Also accepting payments from octopus cards is very easy, you don't need a physical device and small businesses can just have the customer card tapped on their phone with a merchant app.
These were storage only though, right? Such systems are trivial to compromise.
Stored-value payment cards usually contain at least a secret key and some logic that allows them to establish a secure channel to another trusted entity, such as a merchant smartcard (which can be embedded in a terminal) or a backend server (and a corresponding HSM).
Not in the Netherlands, no. The card can be a bank card, and you can be billed at the end of the month automatically through direct debit.
It also wouldn't work as you describe, as the terminal at the point of entry doesn't know how much to charge you since it doesn't know where your journey ends.
Some transit systems work by putting a hold on your card for a nominal amount. When you finish your journey it then only claims the cost of your journey
Holds don't really show up in the monthly statement. At least not in the cards I've had. It's a functionality for merchants to say "I'd like to charge this customer up to $500, would she be good for it?". If the CC company says yes, then the merchant knows they can do so. E.g. car rental companies do this for potential damages. Up to a week the merchant can charge the actual amount (usually less) or just release the hold.
Holds are a credit card feature, GVB is a Dutch transit authority, so they're more likely to be talking about bank cards, ie. debit cards, which I don't think support holds in that same sense.
It will bill your 4 EUR (on a tram/bus) or the whole 20 (or something on a train) instead of the actual journey price if you forget to checkout. Pretty sure it can decline cards for insufficient balance too. Not sure the entry gate blocks the amount.
Actual chipcards don't bill you at the end of the month either -- they reload a fixed amount through direct debit (which takes a few days) the moment your balance crosses zero. If the direct debit isn't setup for a card (because it's not a personalized card) or the debit was rejected, the card is blocked.
For business chipcards cards it works somewhat the way you described.
It definitely exists in Amsterdam, no? When I visit I just tap my card/phone on NFC enabled card checking machines (which exist in and out of the stations)
